Contract Law Research Area
You are free to use this contract law section to help with your contract research, essays and writing contract law dissertations.
The History of Contract Law
The development of contract law into its modern conception is fundamentally based on the Latin principle of ‘pacta sunt servanda’ (‘all pacts must be kept’) dating back to when trade first began in earnest. Therefore, with this in mind, as the law has developed, breach of contract has come to be recognised by the common law legal system. As a result, it is to be appreciated that remedies can then be effectively provided as a consequence for all manner of agreements that are reached by parties at various levels from individuals to corporations to countries themselves leading to the establishment of obligations between the said parties entered into freely with the aim to create legal relations.
This is because of the fact that clearly, in view of the nature of the relationships that are formed, it is important to look to take steps to effectively guarantee equality in these relationships so that the party that is seen to be in the most superior position cannot simply ride ‘roughshod’ over the consumer simply because it suits them. As a consequence, the common law and the legislation that has since been developed through the years in this area has served to establish where a contract has been effectively and legally formed and as to how and when it can be reached and the remedies that are said to be available in such circumstances for the party that is injured by the breakdown in the relationship. Therefore, with this in mind, it is generally believed that the system is effective but, with ongoing technological advancements, only will tell how long it will take before the law is changed in recognition of this.
Sections of interest for Contract Law
Please click on a contract law section starting with "The Most Famous Cases".
- Formation of a Contract - Click here to View
- Offer
- Consideration
- Acceptance
- Nuances of Contract - Click here to View
- Counter Offer
- Invitation to Treat
- The ‘Postal Rule’
- Statutory Protection for Consumers - Click here to View
- Sale of Goods Act 1979
- The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
- The Consumer Protection Act 1987
Bibliography - Contract Law
‘Halsbury’s Laws of England’ Lexis Nexis, Butterworths (2007)
Law Commission’s ‘Second Report on Exemption Clauses’ (1975) (Law Com No. 69)
Table of cases - Contract Law
A Roberts & Co Ltd v. Leicestershire County Council [1961] Ch 555
Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald. 681
Alternative Publishing Ltd v. Kingstar Manufacturing (UK) Ltd [1996] CLY 1223, CA
Ashwell & Nesbit Ltd v. Allen & Co (1912) 2 Hudson’s BC (4th Edn) 462
Aurum Investments Ltd v. Avonforce Ltd (in liquidation) & Knapp Hicks & Partners & Advanced Underpinning Ltd (Pt 20 defendants) (2001) 3 TCLR 461
Bank of Boston Connecticut v. European Grain & Shipping Ltd [1989] AC 1056, HL
Barton v. Armstrong [1975] 2 All ER 465, PC
Bell v. Lever Bros Ltd [1932] AC 161, HL
Belle River Community Arena Inc v. WJC Kaufmann Co Ltd (1978) 87 DLR (3d) 761
Beswick v. Beswick [1968] AC 58, HL
Biggin & Co Ltd v. Permanite Ltd [1951] 2 KB 314, CA
Brinkibon Ltd. v. Stahag Stahl & Stahl warenhandelgesellschaftmbh (1982) 1 All ER 293
British Steel Corporation v. Cleveland Engineering Co [1984] 1 All ER 504
Brogden v. Directors of the Metropolitan Railway Company (1877) 2 App. Las 666
Butler Machine Tool Co v. Ex-Cell-O Corp [1979] 1 WLR 401
Byrne v. Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 349
Caister Group Developments Ltd v. Paul Rackham Construction Ltd (1973) 226 Estates Gazette 809
Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256
Chillingworth v. Esche [1924] 1 Ch 97
Countess of Dunmore v. Alexander (1830) 9 S. 190
Currie v. Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153
Davies v. Sweet [1962] 2 QB 300
Dennant v. Skinner & Collom [1948] 2 KB 164
Derry v. Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337, HL
Entores v. Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327
ER Dyer Ltd v. Simon Build/Peter Lind Partnership (1982) 23 BLR 23
Felton v. Wharrin (1906) 2 Hudson’s BC (4th Edn) 398, CA
Fisher v. Bell [1961] 1 QB 394
G Percy Trentham Ltd v. Archital Luxfer Ltd [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 25
Geary, Walker & Co Ltd v. Lawrence & Son (1906) 2 Hudson’s BC (4th Edn) 382, CA
Glasgow & South Western Rly Co v. Boyd & Forrest [1915] AC 526, HL
Gran Gelato Ltd v. Richcliff (Group) Ltd [1992] Ch 560
Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341
Henthorn v. Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27
Hong Kong Fir Shipping v. Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26
Household Fire Insurance Co. v. Grant (1879) 4 Ex. D 216
Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334
J Lauritzen AS v. Wijsmuller BV, The Super Servant Two [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 1
Johnstone v. Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] QB 333
Kelly v. Solari (1841) 9 M & W 54
Kennedy v. Lee (1817) 3 Mer 441
Kissavos Shipping Co SA v. Empressa Cubana de Fletes, The Agathon [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 211
LCC v. Henry Boot & Sons Ltd [1959] 3 All ER 636, HL
Lipkin Gorman v. Karpnale [1991] 3 WLR 10
Long v. Lloyd [1958] 2 All ER 402, CA
Mitsubishi Corp v. Eastwind Transport Ltd [2004] EWHC 2924
Ormes v. Beadel (1860) 2 De GF & J 333
OT Africa Line Ltd v. Vickers plc [1996] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 700
Photo Productions Ltd v. Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827
Pretty Pictures Sarl v. Quixote Films Ltd (2003) All ER (D) 303
R v. Liverpool City Council, ex p Baby Products Association Ltd [2000] LGR 171, DC
Re Imperial Land Co of Marseilles (1872) LR 7 Ch App 587
Regalian Properties Plc v. London Dockland Development Corporation [1995] 1 WLR 212
S Pearson & Son Ltd v. Dublin Corpn [1907] AC 351, HL
SAM Business Systems v. Hedley & Co [2002] EWHC 2733
Saphena Computing v. Allied Collection Agencies [1995] FSR 616
Shamia v. Joory [1958] 1 QB 448
Sims v. Foster-Wheeler Ltd [1966] 2 All ER 313, CA
Slater v. CA Duquemin Ltd (1992) 29 Con LR 24
Southern Water Authority v. Carey [1985] 2 All ER 1077
Twinsectra Ltd v. Yardley [2002] 2 WLR 802
Wenkheim v. Arndt (1873) 1 JR 73 (NZ)
Westdeutche Landesbank v. Islington LBC [1996] 2 All ER 961, HL
Table of Statutes - Contract Law
Consumer Credit Act 1974
Consumer Protection Act 1987
Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000
Misrepresentation Act 1967
Sale & Supply of Goods Act 1994
Sale of Goods Act 1893
Sale of Goods Act 1979
Sale of Goods Act 1995


